Below is a description of each variable included in Lupu-Selios-Warner-LAPOP-PELA.csv. Please see Table A4 for a discussion of sources and coding rules for variables 12-23.

1. "country" (character): country name

2. "year" (integer): year

3. "emd_all" (numeric): The EMD between citizens and elites across all of the dimensions discussed in the text.

4. "emd_all_euclid" (numeric): The EMD between citizens and elites across all of the dimensions discussed in the text, using the Euclidean (L2) metric.

5. "emd_ideology" (numeric): The EMD between citizens and elites on the ideology question only.

6. "emd_samesex" (numeric): The EMD between citizens and elites on the same-sex marriage question only.

7. "emd_privatization" (numeric): The EMD between citizens and elites on the privatization question only.

8. "emd_wellbeing" (numeric): The EMD between citizens and elites on the wellbeing question only.

9. "emd_jobs" (numeric): The EMD between citizens and elites on the jobs question only.

10. "emd_inequality" (numeric): The EMD between citizens and elites on the inequality question only.

11. "emd_health" (numeric): The EMD between citizens and elites on the health question only.

12. "dem_age" (integer): The age of the democracy.

13. "pres_years_office" (integer): Years the president has been in office.

14. "party_years_office" (integer): Years the party of the chief executive has been in office.

15. "party_age" (numeric): A weighted average of the age of major parties.

16. "volatility" (numeric): Electoral volatility.

17. "enep" (numeric): Effective number of electoral parties.

18. "magnitude" (numeric): Average district magnitude.

19. "comp_vote" (integer): An indicator variable for whether voting is compulsory, where "1" indicates "yes."

20. "gdp_pc_1000" (numeric): Gross domestic product per capita in 1000s of US dollars.

21. "poverty" (numeric): The poverty rate.

22. "hdi" (numeric): Human development index.

23. "gini" (numeric): Inequality (Gini index).